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- History Of Slot Machines
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- Name Of First Slot Machine
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Most experts believe that the first slot machine was developed by the Sittman and Pitt Company in Brooklyn in 1891, although some credit the invention of slot machines to Bavarian immigrant, Charles Fey. The dispute is due to the fact that Sittman and Pitt’s machine was very different from anything resembling a modern slot machine.
Sittman and Pitt’s machine was made of cast iron and used standard playing cards. A random five card sequence would be generated after players inserted their coins. Then, using the same rules as poker, players with better hands would be allowed to keep playing and eventually cash out.
The first ever slot machine was invented by Mr. Charles Fey, in 1895 and with few more improvements in the working and functioning of these machines, it was introduced in the name of Liberty Bell in 1898. These machines were manufactured by himself in his own company in San Francisco in the name of Charles Fey and Co. On page 193 in Slot Machines: A Pictorial History of the First 100 Years by Marshall Fey, there’s a great picture of Bally’s casino floor in Atlantic City that illustrates my point. The picture shows hundreds of slot machines all lined up in perfect rows like little soldiers.
Drawbacks of the Sittman and Pitt Machine
Initially, Sittman and Pitt’s slot machine was developed to improve efficiency in saloons. The idea was well conceived, but it had two significant limitations:
The machine lacked a feature for dispensing money, which created serious debates over what rewards winning players should receive. And since saloons were on the hook to offer free drinks, cigars and other rewards – and because the rules varied between saloons – players couldn’t always be certain what they’d receive for winning hands.
The machine only had 50 cards, rather a standard 52 card deck, limiting players’ opportunities to be dealt winning hands.
A few years later, Fey developed his own version of the machine – known as the Liberty Bell slot machine – which sought to improve on this model.
The Liberty Bell Slot Machine
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Charles Fey’s Liberty Bell slot machine departed from Sittman and Pitt’s machine in two substantial ways:
Unlike Sittman and Pitt’s machines, the Liberty Bell used reels with different symbols instead of cards. These reels had diamonds, spades, hearts, clubs, bells, stars and horseshoes as symbols – the same symbols still used by some slot machines today.
The Liberty Bell machines could actually dispense coins to winning players. Players would receive between two and twenty coins, depending on the combination on their reels.
This machine was very well received in saloons throughout the United States, causing many other companies to start producing them. The introduction of the Liberty Bell slot machine line is seen as the beginning of mechanical gambling.
Other Companies Improve on Fey’s Design
While the Liberty Bell closely resembles modern slot machines, the machines it inspired incorporated several new features that today’s gamblers will recognize. For instance, about a decade after the first Liberty Bell machine was produced, Mills Novelty Co. produced the Operator Bell slot machine, which was the first slot machine to have fruit for slots.
Debates Over Regulation Transpire Across the World
As slot machines became more widely produced, jurisdictions across the world debated the need for regulation. Politicians in the United States had a rather puritanical outlook during the 1920s, so they sought to strongly restrict – or even outright ban – slot machines.
As slot machine manufacturers struggled to grow their market share in the United States, they expanded their marketing efforts abroad. The European markets, in particular, grew rapidly during the 1970s, thanks to more lenient regulation. Contrasting regulatory philosophies between the United States and Europe still exist, which has allowed online gambling to become a stronger industry in Europe.
Electronic Generation of Slot Machines
Slot machines continued to evolve over the years, driven in large part by our increasing reliance on electronics and technology. Bally Manufacturing, for example, released Money Honey, the first entirely electronic slot machine in 1963. Bally’s machine retained the lever that was used in more primitive slot machines, though other manufacturers would go on to get rid of it altogether.
The initial benefit of electronic slot machines was that they were more reliable and convenient to use. However, future generations of electronic slots became even more sophisticated. In 1996, WMS Industries, Inc. developed a series of slot machines called Reel ‘Em In that came with a second screen, allowing players to earn special bonuses that weren’t available with prior slot machines.
Wider Array of Choices
While slot machines continued to evolve over the years, gamblers still had limited options at their disposal, until manufacturers began to introduce different types of slot-style games. Here are just a few of the options that are currently available to casino patrons:
Progressive slots
3-reel classics
5-reel video slots
i-Slots
Bonus slots
Patrons can still find many of these electronic slot machines in casinos around the world. They were also important in laying the groundwork for what would eventually become the slots-style games offered on online gambling sites.
Online Slots
Online slots haven’t made the slot machines in casinos obsolete, but they’ve certainly changed the course of the gaming industry since the launch of the first online gambling software and online gambling in 1994.
Since then, the online gambling industry has grown faster than anybody would have ever predicted. There were only 15 online gaming sites in 1996, but that figured increased to 200 by the following year. Many different forms of online gambling have been made available over the years, but slot machines remain one of the most popular.
Mobile gambling, in particular, is on the rise, and it’s likely that demand for mobile slots will increase in the future as well. The existing digital gaming industry is currently estimated to be worth about $3 billion, but value could rise as mobile gaming becomes more popular.
What’s Next in the Ever-Evolving Future of Slot Machines?
1800s Slot Machine
Although slot machines have been a popular form of gambling for more than a century, they continue to evolve. As new technology and features become available in the near future, it’s likely we’ll see even more growth and engagement with this fun digital gaming option.
What do you think will be the future of the slot machine? Share your predictions by leaving a comment below:
I visited my first casino, The Sands in Las Vegas, in 1996. The VP of marketing at the company where I worked told me that the first thing I should do when I got there was place a bet on “7 black” at the roulette table. He thought this was big fun, because, of course, the 7 on the roulette wheel is red.
I wish someone had given me some real, practical advice before I visited a casino for the first time. Since no one did that for me, I’ll do that for you. The things you should know listed below are obvious to regulars at the casino.
But they can save you a lot of money and heartache if it’s your first.
Here are the top 10 things you need to know if you’re visiting a casino for the first time:
1. The Wide Area Progressive (WAP) Slot Machines Are Some of the Worst Bets in the Casino
A progressive slot machine is one with an electronic ticker at the top which displays an ever-increasing jackpot amount. You’ll find 3 kinds of progressives:
- Single machines
- Local area progressives
- Wide area progressives
What all these games have in common is that they “fuel” the progressive jackpot by taking a percentage of each bet and applying it to the jackpot. In the case of single machines, the jackpot only grows when you’re playing that specific machine.
Local area progressives are machines within a specific casino which tie into the same jackpot. Any bets placed at any of these machines grow the jackpot amount.
Wide area progressives are machines within a certain geographic radius. In Las Vegas, the most famous wide area progressive slots are the Megabucks machines. Literally, thousands of slot machines power these jackpots, and they’re correspondingly huge – at least $10 million.
The problem with slot machines with jackpots this large is that their payback percentage is inferior to the payback percentage on a flat top machine. (A flat top machine has a fixed jackpot amount.)
A typical Vegas slot machine has a payback percentage of at least 90%. A wide area progressive has a payback percentage of 80% or less when you discount the effect of the progressive jackpot. Since you only have a 1 in 15 million chance of winning the top jackpot, it’s sensible to deduce that amount from the overall payback percentage for the machine.
2. Payback Percentage Is How You Measure the Odds for Gambling Machines
You might have heard of the house edge. That’s a term used to describe how good or bad the odds are for table games. It’s a mathematical prediction of how much you’ll lose per bet on average over a tremendous number of trials.
The house edge is expressed as a percentage. If a game has a house edge of 1%, the casino expects to win $1 every time you bet $100, over the long run. In the short-term, anything can happen. What most gamblers don’t realize is that they long run is longer than they think.
The payback percentage is the flip side of the house edge. It’s the amount of money the casino expects the player to win back for every bet. It’s also expressed as a percentage. For example, if I tell you a game has a 99% payback percentage, the casino expects you to win 99 cents every time you wager a dollar – again, on average, over time.
You can use house edge and payback percentage to compare the odds for different games.
3. Video Poker Machines Have Transparent Payback Percentages that Are Superior to Slot Machines
The higher the payback percentage, the better. The problem with slot machines is that they’re the only game in the casino where you can’t know what the payback percentage is. In fact, the payback percentage for slots is usually the lowest in the casino.
That’s one of the major differences between slots and video poker, in fact. On a video poker game, the probability of getting a result is something you can calculate. The random number generator on a video poker game emulates the same odds as a standard deck of 52 cards.
You need 2 pieces of data to calculate the payback percentage for a gambling machine:
- The prize amounts
- The probability of winning those prizes
Unless you’re Rain Man, you can’t just look at a video poker pay table and know the payback percentage.
But computer programmers and gambling writers have analyzed almost every video poker pay table you can imagine and published the results online.
A quick search of Google can help you compare video poker machines to find the ones with the best odds.
Also, even the video poker games with the worst odds are usually better than slot machines.
4. Drinks Are Free in the Casino
This isn’t true in every jurisdiction, but in most major casino destinations, drinks are free – but only if you’re gambling. (Last time I was at the Winstar, they were charging for alcohol, even if you were playing.)
You still need to tip your cocktail waitress, though. A buck or two is sufficient.
But just because the drinks are free doesn’t mean you should over-indulge.
Casinos offer free drinks because alcohol impairs your judgment. You’ll gamble over your bankroll and lose more money than you intend to if you drink too much.
Don’t be that guy who thinks he’s more macho than the other drinkers in the casino, either. He’s the guy who loses the most money, regardless of what he claims.
No one likes that guy.
Also, a word to the wise:
If you can’t control your drinking, you probably can’t control your gambling, either. You might be better off avoiding casinos altogether.
5. Table Games Offer Better Games than Gambling Machines – With One Exception
The rule of thumb for gambling at a casino is that the easier the game is to understand, the worse the odds are.
It’s easy to understand a slot machine. You put your money in, spin the reels, and hope that winning symbols line up.
Blackjack, on the other hand, is harder to understand. You have to learn the values of the cards. You have to know what your options are when playing each – hit, stand, double down, split, etc. And it helps to know what the right move is in each situation.
But look at the difference in house edge.
The house edge for most slot machine games is at least 7%. Even if you’re terrible at blackjack, the house edge isn’t more than 4% or so. If you spend a little time learning basic strategy, you can but the house edge to blackjack down to 1% or less.
Even the table games with no skill required, like baccarat, craps, and roulette, offer a lower payback percentage than most slot machine games.
There’s one exception, though – video poker machines.
Good video poker machines combine the thrill of playing a gambling machine with the low house edge of a table game.
Much of this is because video poker games are based on card games. The random number generator duplicates the odds you’d see if you were dealing hands from a 52-card deck.
Slot machine payback percentages usually range between 75% and 93%. The outliers might top out at 97% or 98%.
Video poker payback percentages range from 92% up to 100.1%. Those numbers assume that you play with a reasonably correct strategy most of the time.
6. Betting Systems Don’t Work
It won’t take long at the casino before you meet someone who’s a proponent of the Martingale or some other betting system. It’s tempting to think that a betting strategy like this might work, but it doesn’t – at least not in the long run.
Here’s how the Martingale System works:
You start by defining a single betting unit and choosing an even-money bet. The most common game people try the Martingale on is roulette, which has several even-money bets that seem to have a close-to-50% chance of winning.
You then start by betting a single unit. If you lose, you double your bet, hoping to recoup the previously lost bet along with a single unit profit. You repeat this doubling of your bets every time you lose.
Here’s an example:
You bet $10 (one unit) on red. The ball lands on black, so you lose your $10. The system says you double your bet, so now you bet $20 on red. The ball lands on black again, so you lose $20. The system says you double your bet again, so now you bet $40. This time, the ball lands on red, so you win back the $30 you lost on the previous bets. And you’re ahead by $10.
This can work well in the short run, but people have a few misunderstandings about the viability of such a system.
The first is the assumption that long losing streaks are terribly unlikely. The truth is, losing several times in a row is a lot more likely that you probably think.
The second is the lack of understanding of how fast doubling your bets makes you put money into action. $10 is no big deal, and neither is $20. Heck, even $40 isn’t that much for most people.
But if you lose 4 or 5 times in a row, you’re betting hundreds of dollars per spin.
It doesn’t take long for you to get to a point where the next bet in the progression is beyond your bankroll or beyond the betting limits at the table.
All the Martingale System does, in the long run, is get you some small wins here and there, all of which will eventually be wiped out by a huge losing streak.
The house edge for a casino game remains unaffected by your betting system.
7. Casinos Offer Classes in How to Play Their Games
Some people who are new to the casino adventure are intimidated by table games – especially craps. That’s too bad because these games offer better odds than the slot machines. They’re easy to learn, too. And I think they’re more fun.
But you don’t have to try to puzzle out how to play blackjack, craps, or roulette from tutorials on websites like this one. You don’t even have to buy a book or an instructional video about how to play.
Almost all casinos offer classes on how their games work. To find out when these games are scheduled, just ask anyone in customer service at the casino. If the specific individual can’t tell you what the schedule is like for these free classes, they can point you in the direction of someone who can.
These classes are usually held in the mid-morning. They’re usually followed by actual game-play, but that’s optional.
I learned to play blackjack from my mom at the kitchen table. Roulette was so easy I just sat down at the table and got the hand of it.
But I learned to play craps at a class at the Planet Hollywood Casino in Las Vegas.
You can also learn to play these games using free games at Internet casinos, but I think you’ll enjoy the free classes at the casino.
One caveat, though:
Take strategy advice from casino dealers with a grain of salt. For example, they love to explain hedging your bets in craps at these classes. That’s a lousy strategy.
8. Almost Everyone Working in or Near the Casino Industry Rely on Tips to Make a Living
You don’t have to dole out all your money to everyone working at a casino. But it sometimes feels like it. If you want to be a good person with a little bit of class, remember to tip a reasonable amount for various services.
If you eat at a buffet restaurant, a dollar or 2 for each person is a reasonable tip. Your waitress is only refilling your drinks, not providing full table service, so that doesn’t warrant a 20% tip.
Real sit-down restaurants work the same way in Vegas as anywhere else. You should tip a minimum of 20% in a casino destination. If you’re happy with the service, consider 25% or 30%, instead.
Casino game dealers deserve tips, too. It’s customary to throw them an occasional tip after a win. If you want to look sophisticated, place a bet on behalf of the dealer. This is especially common at the blackjack table.
A good rule of thumb is to plan on using 5% to 10% of your starting bankroll for tips to the dealer. It’s up to you to decide when to tip. Some players tip when they’re ready to leave the table, while others tip during the game. I think it’s more fun to tip while you’re playing.
Cocktail waitresses deserve at least a dollar for bringing you a drink. I’ll often tip more than this early in the evening to make sure I’m not ignored throughout the night, though. If you’re planning to spend several hours drinking in the casino, consider giving the cocktail waitress $10 or $20 for the first drink she brings you.
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You can scale back after that but occasionally provide a larger tip to keep her coming around.
It’s also customary to tip bell hops, taxi drivers, and the hosts who seat you at the various shows. Tipping the host at a show can get you a better seat. You can even tip the person at the check-in desk in hopes of getting a room upgrade. It’s customary to include a $20 or $50 with your credit card when you check in. Don’t be shy. Ask if they have any upgraded rooms available at the same price as your room.
If you get a reputation as stingy with your tips, you won’t have as much fun at the casino. No one likes that guy.
9. Casinos Have Their Own Rules of Etiquette
You’ll pick up on the most common rules of etiquette in the casino eventually. But a little knowledge in advance can help you be less of a bore.
I’ve already covered tipping, but there are other unwritten rules you should know about.
The most important rules of etiquette, at least from the perspective of the casino’s staff, relate to the handling of cash. You never hand a dealer money. You put your cash on the table, and the dealer exchanges it for tips.
This is for security purposes, but it also protects the dealer from accusations. By putting the money on the table, you make the entire transaction visible to the cameras above the casino floor. (These are called “the eye in the sky”.)
Kenny Rogers is right, too – never count your money at the table. It’s crass. It’s also dangerous because casinos attract pickpockets and thieves just like any other den of iniquity.
Specific games have specific rules of etiquette, too. For example, in a single deck blackjack, it’s customary to pick up your cards. But in a game dealt from a shoe, you should never touch your cards.
10. You Should Budget More Money for Your Trip than You Think
The biggest mistake I made the first time I went to Vegas was underestimating how much money it would cost. After all, Vegas is famous for cheap meals and free (or close-to-free) entertainment.
The thing is, all these cheap and free experiences are come-ons to get you gambling. And gambling is always more expensive than most first-time gamblers expect it to be.
I recommend having multiple budgets for your trip, too. Your gambling funds, especially, should be entirely separate from all your other expenses.
I have a friend who went to Vegas and gambled almost all his money away the first day. He barely had anything to eat for the rest of the trip, and he spent most of the rest of his trip watching television in his hotel room. He had enough sense to set aside money to get himself back to the airport.
I can’t imagine a more disappointing end to a trip to Vegas, though.
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You should have a budget for meals, a budget for entertainment, and a budget for getting to and from the things you want to do while you’re there. Your gambling budget should be separate from all that.
I suggest drawing up a budget for each of those, based on what you’ve learned about prices there from Frommer’s or from travel guides on the Internet.
Then add 20% to each line item in the budget.
You’ll be better off having too much money for your trip than too little.
Conclusion
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Casinos are a lot of fun, especially if you’re visiting for your first time.
But gambling and casino entertainment can also be intimidating for the beginner. They don’t have to be, though. With a little bit of education and some planning, you can have a successful first trip to the casino.
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If you’re like most people, your first trip to the casino probably won’t be your last.